Oy Laatukonsultointi P. Kantelinen Ab

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Effort estimation - sources

Työmäärien arviointi - lähteitä

Pasi K's favorites are marked with an astrisk (*)


WWW pages - WWW-sivuja


  1. * Simula Research Laboratory /Better Estimation of Software Tasks- good, practical publications on effort estimation- a real treasure chest of effort estimation information! Check also BEST home page.
  2. COCOMO II Research Project
  3. Dod DACS home page => Cost Estimation
  4. NASA Handbook for Software Cost Estimation
  5. Softstar Systems - good COCOMO overview
  6. COSMIC-FFP software sizing method home page, COSMIC-FFP is based on ISO/IEC 19761 standard, for publications click here
  7. IFPUG - International Function Point Users Group - Home Page
  8. International Software Benchmarking Standards Group: Software estimation, benchmarking, productivity, risk analysis, and cost information
  9. Function Point FAQ
  10. Bournemouth University Software Cost Estimation Website
  11. Federation of European Software Metrics Associations
  12. Finnish Software Metrics Associations (Functional software size measurement method)
  13. QSM articles about estimation and metrics


Books, articles - Kirjoja, artikkeleita
  1. * Simula Research Laboratory /Better Estimation of Software Tasks- practically all the reports and articles are worth reading also for a practitioner
  2. * P. Armor: ”Ten Unmyths of Project Estimation”, Communications of the ACM, pp. 15 - 18, November 2002
  3. * B. Boehm: Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II, Prentice Hall, 2000
  4. * M. Cohn: Agile Estimating and Planning, Prentice Hall PTR, 2005
  5. * C.A. Dekkers: ”Concepts and Consideration for Requirements-Based Estimates”, pp. 26 - 33, Software Quality Professional, March 2005
  6. * T. DeMarco: Controlling Software Projects, Yourdon Press, 1982
  7. * T. DeMarco & T. Lister: Peopleware, Yourdon Press, 1999
  8. * R.L. Glass: ”Sorting Out Software Complexity”, Communications of the ACM, pp. 19 - 21, November 2002
  9. * R. Hadden: ”Credible Estimation for Small Projects”, Software Quality Professional, March 2001
  10. * M. Jørgensen: "Practical Guidelines for Expert-Judgment-Based Software Effort Estimation", IEEE Softwar, pp. 57-63, May/June 2005
  11. * J.P. Lewis: ”Limits of Software Estimation”, Software Engineering Notes, pp. 54 - 59, July 2001 - good overview of estimation methods
  12. * S. Rakitin:”Creating Accurate Estimates and Realistic Schedules”, Software Quality Professional, pp. 30 - 36, March 2002
  13. Agile COCOMO II
  14. Agile Estimation, Eclipse Procvess Framework wiki
  15. Functional Sizing of Real-Time & Embedded Systems, theme issues, DACS SoftwareTech, September 2006
  16. Functional Size Measurement, theme issue, DACS SoftwareTech News, June 2006
  17. Planning Poker in Wikipedia, Planning Poker’s online version
  18. Wide Band Delphi in Wikipedia, in Stellman-Greene’s pages
  19. IT Measurement: Practice Advice from the Experts, International Function Point Users Group, Pearson Education, 2002
  20. IEEE Software magazine theme issue on effort estimation, IEEE Software, November/December, 2000
  21. IEEE std 1045 - 1992, Standard for Software Productivity Metrics
  22. ISO/IEC 19761:2003 Standard: COSMIC-FFP -- A functional size measurement method, to buy go to: http://www.iso.ch
  23. COCOMO II Model Definition Manual, University of Southern California, 1997,
    http://sunset.usc.edu/research/COCOMOII/index.html
  24. A. Abran: “Function Point Analysis: An Empirical Study of its Measurement Process”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 895 - 910, December 1996
  25. T. K. Abdel-Hamid: “Adapting, Correcting, and Perfecting Software Estimates: A Maintenance Metafor”, IEEE Computer, pp. 20 - 29, March 1993
  26. R. Agarwal, et.al.: ”Estimating software projects”, Software Engineering Notes, pp. 60 - 67, July 2001
  27. A.J. Albrecht: Measuring Application Development Productivity, (FPA), Proceedings IBM Applications Development Symposium, IBM, 1979
  28. A.J. Albrecht & J.E. Gaffney: Software Function, Source Lines of Code , and Development Effort Prediction: A Software Science Validation, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, November 1983
  29. B. C. D. Anda, H. C. Benestad, S. E. Hove: A Multiple-Case Study of Effort Estimation based on Use Case Points, In: ISESE'2005 (Fourth International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering). IEEE Computer Society, Noosa, Australia, pages 407–416, 2005.
  30. G. Antioniol, K. Lokan, G. Caldiera, R. Fiutem: ”A Function Point-Like Measure for Object-Oriented Software”, Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 263 - 287, 1999
  31. P.G. Armour: ”Real Work, Necessary Friction, Optional Chaos”, Communications of the ACM, pp. 15 - 18, June 2004
  32. P.G. Armour: ”Beware of Counting LOC”, Communications of the ACM, pp. 21 - 24, March 2004
  33. J. Bentley: ”The Back of The Envelope”, IEEE Software, pp. 121 - 125, September/October 1999
  34. L. Bernstein, A. Lubashevsky: ”Living with Function Points”, CrossTalk, Nov.-Dec. 1995
  35. B. Boehm: ”Safe and Simple Software Cost Analysis”, IEEE Software, pp. 14 - 17, Septembe/October, 2000
  36. B. Boehm: Software Engineering Economics, Prentice-Hall, 1981
  37. B. Boehm: ”Understanding and Controlling Software Costs”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, October 1987
  38. M.B. Busby & E.K. Bailey: Software Efforts Measurement: A Framework for Counting Staff Hours and Reporting Schedule Information, SEI-92-TR-021, Software Engineering Institute, 1992
  39. B.K. Clark: ”Quantifying the Effects of Process Improvement of Effort”, IEEE Software, pp. 65 - 70, November/December 2000
  40. R. K. Clemmons: "Project Estimation With Use Case Points", CrossTalk, February 2006
  41. P. Coombs: IT Project Estimation: A Practical Guide to the Costing of Software, Cambridge University Press, 2003
  42. G. Costagliola, F. Ferrucci, G. Tortora, G. Vitiello ”Class Point: An Approach for the Size Estimation of Object-Oriented Systems", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 52 - 74, January 2005
  43. J. J. Dolado: ”A Validation of the Component-Based Method for Software Size Estimation”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 1006 - 1021, October 2000
  44. J. B. Dreger: Function Point Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1989
  45. S. Furey, B. Kitchenham: “Point-Counterpoint: Function Points”, IEEE Software, pp. 29, 31, March/April 1997
  46. D. Garmus, D. Herron: Function Point Analysis: Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects, Addison Wesley, 2001
  47. N. Gorla & A.C. Benander & B.A. Benander: ”Debugging Effort Estimation Using Software Metrics”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 223 - 231, February 1990
  48. M. Griffith: ”Top 10 Estimation Best Practices”, Jan 17, 2008
  49. Guidelines to Software Measurement, IFPUG (International Function Point Users Group), August 2004
  50. Function Point Counting Practices Manual, IFPUG (International Function Point Users Group), 1990
  51. P.R. Hill: Practical Project Estimation: A Toolkit for Estimating Software Development Effort and Duartion, International Software Benchmarking Standards Group, free online book for ACM members
  52. R. W. Jensen, L. H. Putnam Sr., W. Roetzheim: ”Software Estimating Models: Three Viewpoints”, CrossTalk, February 2006
  53. P. M. Johnson, et. al.: ”Empirically Guided Software Effort Guesstimation”, IEEE Software, pp. 51 - 56, November/December, 2000
  54. C. Jones: Estimating Software Costs, McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2007
  55. C. Jones: A history of function points and feature points, Software Productivity Research, Inc., mimeo version 2.0, February, 20, 1988
  56. C. Jones: Applied Software Measurement, McGraw-Hill, 1991
  57. C. Jones: “Software estimating rules of thumb”, IEEE Computer, pp. 116 - 118, March 1996
  58. M. Jørgensen: Estimation of Software Development Work Effort: Evidence on Expert Judgment and Formal Models, Simula Research Laboratory, 2007
  59. M. Jørgensen, B. Faugli, T. Gruschke: Characteristics of Software Engineers with Optimistic Predictions, Simula Research Laboratory, 2007
  60. M. Jørgensen, and M. Shepperd: A Systematic Review of Software Development Cost Estimation Studies, Simula Research Laboratory, 2007
  61. M. Jørgensen: ”Evidence-Based Guidelines for Assessment of Software Development Cost Uncertaint”, Transactions of Software Engineering, pp. 942-954, November 2005
  62. M. Jørgensen: The Effects of the Format of Software Project Bidding Processes, Simula Research Laboratory, 2005
  63. M. Jørgensen, "Top-Down and Bottom-Up Expert Estimation of Software Development Effort", Journal of Information and Software Technology 46(1):3--16, 2004
  64. M. Jørgensen, G.J. Carelius: ”An Empirical Study of Software Project Bidding”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 953 - 969, December 2004
  65. M. Jørgensen, D. I. Sjøberg: "The impact of customer expectation on software development effort estimates", International Journal of Project Management 22(4):317--325, 2004 or Simula Research Laboratory
  66. M. Jørgensen: ”Increasing Realism in Assessment of Effort Estimation Uncerainty: It Matters How You Ask”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 209 - 217, April 2004 or Simula Research Laboratory
  67. M. Jørgensen, K. H. Teigen, K. J. Moløkken-Østvold: "Better sure than safe? Overconfidence in judgment based software development effort prediction intervals", Journal of Systems and Software 70(1-2):pp. 79--93, February 2004
  68. M. Jørgensen, K. J. Moløkken-Østvold: Combination of software development effort prediction intervals: Why, when and how?, Fourteenth IEEE Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE'02), July 15-19, 2002, Ischia, Italy, pp. 425-428
  69. C. Kemerer: "Reliability of Function Points Measurement: A Field Experiment." Communications of the ACM, pp. 85-97, February 1993
  70. C. F. Kemerer & B.S. Porter: ”Improving the Reliability of Function Point measurement: An Empirical Study”, IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, pp. 1011 - 1024, November 1992
  71. C.F. Kemerer: "An Empirical Validation of Software Cost Estimation Models", Communications of the ACM, pp. 416 - 429, May 1987
  72. B. Kitchenham, E. Mendes: ”Software Productivity Measurement Using Multiple Size Measures”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 1023 - 1035, December 2004
  73. L. A. Laranjeira: ”Software Size Estimation of Object-Oriented Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 510 - 522, May 1990
  74. LATURI-käsikirja, Tietotekniikan kehittämiskeskus, 1991
  75. A.L. Lederer & J. Prasad: ”Nine Management Guidelines for Better Cost Estimating”, Communications of the ACM, pp. 51 - 59, February 1992
  76. B. Londeix: Cost Estimation for Software Development, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., 1987
  77. D. Longstreet's free Function Point Analysis Booklet, 2008
  78. G.C. Low & D.R. Jeffery: ”Function Points in the Estimation and Evaluation of Software Process”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 64 - 71, January 1990
  79. S. McConnell: Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art. 50 Specific Tips for Improving Your Software Estimates, Microsoft Press 2002
  80. E. Miranda: ”Improving Subjective Estimates Using Paired Comparisons”, IEEE Software, pp. 87 - 91, January/February 2001
  81. T. Mukhopadhyay & S. Kekre: ”Software Effort Models for Early Estimation of Process Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 915 - 924, October 1992
  82. P. Mohagheghi, B. Anda, R. Conrade: ”Effort Estimation of Use Cases for Incremental Large-Scale Software Development”, Simula Research Laboratory, 2005
  83. R. Ovans: "The programmer life-cycle", ACM Software Engineering Notes, pp. 25 - 26, May 2004
  84. M. A. Parthasarathy: Practical Software Estimation: Function Point Methods for Insourced and Outsourced Projects, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2007
  85. R.E.Park: A Manager’s Checklist for Validating Software Cost and Schedule Estimates, SEI-95-SR-004, Software Engineering Institute, 1995
  86. R.E.Park: Checklist and Criteria for Evaluating the Cost and Schedule Estimating Capabilities for Software Organizations, SEI-95-SR-005, Software Engineering Institute, 1995
  87. R.E.Park: Software Size Measurement: A Framework for Counting Source Statements, SEI-92-SR-020, Software Engineering Institute, 1992
  88. Y. Pant, B. Henderson-Sellers, J.M. Verner: "Generalization of object-oriented components for reuse: Measurements of effort and size change", Journal of Object-Oriented Programming, May 1996
  89. S. L. Pfleeger, F. Wu, R. Lewis: Software Cost Estimation and Sizing Methods. Issues and Guidelines, RAND Corporation, 2005
  90. L. Prechelt: ”An Empirical Comparison of Seven Programming Languages”, IEEE Computer, pp. 23 - 29, October 2000
  91. L. Prechelt: ”Comparing Java vs. C/C++ Efficiency Differencies to Interpersonal Differencies”, Communications of the ACM, pp. 109 - 112, October 1999
  92. L.H. Putnam & W. Myers: ”How Solved Is the Cost Estimation Problem?”, IEEE Software, pp. 105 - 107, November/December 1997
  93. L.H. Putnam & W. Myers: Measures for excellence. Reliable Software on Time, within Budget, Yourdon Press, 1992
  94. D.J. Reifer: ”Estimating Web Development Costs: There Are Differencies”, Cross Talk, June 2002
  95. D.J. Reifer: ”Web Development: Estimating Quick-to-Market Software”, IEEE Software, pp. 57 - 64, November/December 2000
  96. D.J. Reifer: ”Asset-R: A function point sizing tool for scientific and real-time systems”, Journal of Systems Software, vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 159 - 171, 1990
  97. M.P. Robillard, W. Coelho, G.C. Murphy: ”How Effective Developers Investigate Source Code: An Exploratory Study”, IEEE Transactions of Software Engineering, pp. 889 - 903, December 2004
  98. G. Rule: ”Bees and the art of Estimating”, side bar in ”Guest Editor’s Introduction: Software Estimation Perspective”, IEEE Software, p 23, November/December, 2000
  99. H. Sackman, W.J. Erikson, E.E. Grant: "Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and Offline Programming Performance", Communications of the ACM, pp. 3 - 11, January 1968
  100. J. Smith: The Estimation of Effort Based on Use Cases, Rational Software white paper, 1999
  101. C. Steindl, P.l Krogdahl: Estimation in Agile Projects, IBM Academy of Technology Best Practices in Project Estimation Conference, IBM Corporation
  102. R. D. Stutzke: Estimating Software-Intensive Systems : Projects, Products, and Processes, Addison-Wesley Professional (SEI Series in Software Engineering, book’s companion web site), 2005
  103. C.R. Symons: ”Function Point Analysis: Difficulties and Improvements”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 2 - 11, January 1988
  104. C.R. Symons: Software Sizing and Estimating - Mk II Function Point Analysis, Wiley, January 1991
  105. L.M. Taff & J.W. Borchering & W.R. Hudgins Jr.: ”Estimeetings: Development Estimates and a Front-End Process for a Large Project”, IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, January 1990
  106. K. H. Teigen, M. Jørgensen: "When 90% confidence intervals are only 50% certain: On the credibility of credible intervals", Applied Cognitive Psychology 19:455--475, 2005 or Simula Research Laboratory BEST publications
  107. Project Estimation: Use Case Point Technique - Liemur Ltd.
  108. Project Estimation: Wideband Delphi (WBD) - Liemur Ltd.
  109. J. Verner & G. Tate: ”Estimating Size and Effort in Fourth-Generation Development”, IEEE Software, pp. 15 - 22, July 1988
  110. F. Wellman: Software Costing, Prentice-Hall, 1992
  111. S. Withmare et.al.: Scientific and real-time software metrics - Draft preliminary technical report, Boing Company, January 9, 1991
  112. S. Woodward: An Estimating Methodology for Object-Oriented Software, 1999